angel oak tree lynching

I didnt have a clue of the history of the tree . Battle swirls around fate of the East Coasts oldest tree.. I always feel a sense of peace there. It is open seven days a week (except for holidays). Because of its history as slaveholding plantation land, there are more than a few local tales of ghosts of former slaves appearing around the Angel Oak, and of those spirits now protecting the tree. Another couple visited the tree one evening. Charleston Terrors. The Angel Oak itself has an anticipated life span of at least 900 years. The tree is believed to be around 1,500 years of age. He was incredibly wealthy. The Lonely Oak Tree by Christian Lindsten is a high quality piece of framed artwork. A local woman who was a family member of one of the former slaves said that the tree has a type of curse on it. In recent years, reports of glowing lights and faces have been reported. Justus Angel grew their plantation to over 2,700 acres (, Circa late 1850s Dr. Isaac Waight Angel became owner of the plantation (, 1904 Dr. Angel died with the property remaining in the Angel family (, Mid 1900s The Angel family sold the property (, 1991 The City of Charleston purchased the plantation's property that the giant, Number of acres 12,000 in 1717; 500 in 1797; 1,200 in 1810; 2,700 in 1800s (, Number of slaves 29 on July 6, 1849 - click, On June 16, 1853, Isaac Angel purchased Jesco White, a slave, for $650.00. Angel Oak, located on Johns Island, is also known locally as The Tree. This historical site is considered a Low Country treasure. Angel Oak is a live oak which also happens to be the state's most imposing work of nature. . Thanks for stopping by! Many of its branches are so heavy they require supports in multiple places to prevent breakage. You may wish to visit. As stated on the many signs placed around the tree, the interior is actually hollow. It is open to the public from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Angel Oak has been growing for at least three centuries and has had a lot of time to mature. According to the Black River Botanical Garden in North Carolina, David Stahle holds the record for the oldest living tree in North America. Angel Oak Tree Johns Island Charleston South Carolina SC Canvas Wall Art Hanging Paintings Modern Artwork Abstract Picture Prints Home Decoration Gift Unique Designed Framed 4 . Angel Oak is on Johns Island, South Carolina. April 2023. The tree, named after the estate on which it . [6] Local folklore tells stories of ghosts of former enslaved people appearing as angels around the tree.[7][8]. Whats so lovely about a gnarly oak tree purported to be at least 400 to 500 years old? Just VisitingOld Jail Tour, Charleston, South Carolina, I revisited the oak in 2019, read about my experiences, Jones, Jessica. The tree is estimated to be between 400 and 500 years old, making it one of the oldest living trees in the United States. It is reported to be anywhere from 300 to 500 years old, but many consider the tree to be ancient, claiming its 1,500 years old. 7:04. Follow along with her travels on Jeanine Consoli Travels. Think of it more like a very fragile piece of art. In addition, it has seen a great deal of history in the last few decades. Surreal Gothic Savannah Georgia Trees with Hanging Spanish Moss Framed Print. Because the tree's root system is so intertwined with the adjacent forest, the Lowcountry Land Trust purchased the surrounding acreage in 2014 to protect the area from further development. The Angel Oak has long been regarded as a sacred place. Angel Oak Ancient Live . Folklore claims that the trees name alludes to the ghosts of slaves who lived on the plantation that used to be surrounding it at night. ft. In 1822, a group of white men in Charleston, South Carolina, lynched a black man named Denmark Vesey from the limbs of the Angel Oak tree. The land did serve as a plantation in the past and there were many slaves who worked here. He continued to carve it though and the noises around them just got louder and louder. In Johns Island, South Carolina, hidden behind a chain-linked fence, is thought to be one of the oldest living oak trees east of the Mississippi River. Angel Oak was damaged severely during Hurricane Hugo in 1989 but has since recovered. You are free to wander beneath the oak at your leisure. The tree sits on fenced property and is under constant surveillance, so if you go after hours, please don't try climbing the fence. The Angel Oak, which is thought to be between 500 and 1,000 years old, is now a symbol of Charlestons history of slavery and racism. This spot naturally offers a plethora of legends and stories. Aside from its resilience, the tree has weathered a number of storms and major natural disasters. It is thought that the Angel Oak Tree is the oldest living southern oak tree in North America. It is the worlds tallest living oak tree, standing at over 12 meters tall. The park, in addition to a gift shop and picnic area, has a playground. Not every tree can say that they have had 40,000 visitors each year, but Angel Oak can. The woods surrounding the tree are believed to be one of the reasons for the trees survival as it provides protection from high winds and destructive flooding. The Southern live oak or simply "Live Oak" (Quercus virginiana) is an evergreen (or nearly so) oak tree native to the southeastern United States.The tree is a common sight in states like Virginia, Georgia, Florida, and Louisiana. Ruth M. Miller, Linda V. Lennon. Think of it more like a very fragile piece of art. Its really detailed, but I fell down a rabbit hole when I was researching it. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Then they saw a face. $90. Under oak tree black and white tone. As long as that tree lives the spirits cannot rest in peace. HAUNTED CHARLESTON: MOST HAUNTED PLACES #7: ANGEL OAK TREE, Boo Hags & Haint Blue: Vampires of the Lowcountry & the Paint that Stops Them. The reason it's so important to have a strong forrest surrounding the tree is because it protects the Angel Oak from hurricanes and filters out pollutants that could potentially damage the tree. She spends her days exploring the Lowcountry and writing about its unique beauty. A witness tree near Devil's Den at Gettysburg Battlefield. There is a small parking lot around the tree, but the majority of cars park along the road leading to the Angel Oak Tree. Today, Jeanine is working as a writer full-time. How can it be sacred if it literally ate and absorbed from the opl killed there, Your email address will not be published. The Mighty Banyan Tree Can 'Walk' and Live for Centuries, This Tree Is Europe's Oldest Living Organism Sort of, Kind of, Maybe, Special Offer on Antivirus Software From HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security. Whether you're traveling with friends, family, or even pets, Vrbo vacation homes have the best amenities for hanging out with the people that matter most, including swimming pools and private pools. "Segregation was at its height but the Angel Oak was not segregated. Many of the locals say that it represents Charleston by showing visitors that its roots and branches are incredibly strong, nurturing, and always providing for the locals and visitors. This is always a big no-no especially in a public area that stays open due to donations. Its certainly worth it! Also, very interesting about the conservation effort. The wife and I visited the tree . Notice the steel wires supports stretching down from above, as well as wooden supports below some of the branches to help sturdy the massive limbs of the Angel Oak. Porta-potties are available next to the parking lot, but a better option would be to go to a nearby restaurant or gas station. The tree is estimated to be 400-500 years old. Her father Peter Porcher, was a former slave. The City of Charleston owns the land the, 1717 Earliest known date of existence (, Late 1700s Isaac Waight inherited the property (, 1797 Charles Snowden gave 500 acres to Martha Waight (, 1810 Martha Waight married Justus Angel and was given an additional 700 acres which included a house. Seems like it still carries their spirits trapped inside. Round up the bad guys. I just saw the tree on a carolina tv show an did a little serching an at first i thought the tree was nice til i found out that alot of black slaves and indians where kill there, so now i wish the tree whould die,,,,,,,,, it is our history it cradle the suffering it brought comfort, it was there for those in need , it is a good tree in the mist of some bad memories. Luckily, a group called Save the Angel Oak and the Coastal Conservation League argued that the groundwater would be compromised if apartments were built near the site. So much history. This article was revised and updated 13 January 2019. Collections; Project #ShowUs; . Some scientists think that the Angel Oak in Charleston, SC is more than 1,400 years old. The spiritual energy is just as strong. Urban legends recounts stories of ghost sightings of previous slaves showing up as angels around the tree. The gift shop provides more information about Angel Oak and merchandise, including the gorgeous sweetgrass baskets handmade by local artisans. If you're not familiar with Southern Live Oaks in the Lowcountry, they dip and curve in a magical way that almost looks like they were dancing in the wind and suddenly became frozen in time. Angel Oak Was Named The Most Beautiful Place In South Carolina And We Have To Agree. It's not located in the middle of nowhere like you might think! The single most important thing to know about the Angel Oak is that you absolutely should not sit or climb on it for any reason! Water Oak (quercus nigra) Bruce K. Kirchoff Quercus Nigra. Wow, I'm pretty sure that's the most I've ever written about a tree! Confederates captured this rocky area but suffered about 1,800 casualties. In another story, a couple who were also married at Angel Oak went back to see the tree. Creek Hanging Tree: A 200-year-old bur oak used for the hanging of cattle rustlers and Creek tribesmen. Vesey, a former slave, had been accused of planning a slave uprising. With a height of more than 65 feet, Angel Oaks has shaded . The wood is so hard that the USS Constitution, which was built of Southern live oak, earned the nickname Old Ironsides because cannonballs bounced off its sides. I'm very pleased" That's absolutely possible with concentrated preservation efforts! They reported seeing glowing human forms gathered around the trunk and some up in the branches. It is the infamous location of Denmark Vesey's public execution in 1822 and served as a lynching tree. Reverso Context: The magical looking Angel Oak Tree in South Carolina.-"Oak Tree in" Context Documents Expressio Reverso Corporate The Angel Oak tree. The largest limb of the tree is 89 feet long and has a circumference of 11.25 feet. The longest branch measures in at 187 feet (and still growing). The tree is a live oak (Quercus virginiana) and is estimated to be between 400 and 500 years old. Angel Oak Tree Park on Johns Island is free to visit. The Angel Oak Tree is a Southern live oak (Quercus virginiana) located in Angel Oak Park on Johns Island near Charleston, South Carolina. We're talking about a tree that's been around an estimated 450 to 500 years. Angel Oak Park is located at 3688 Angel Oak Road, Johns Island. Please do not let people develop this area for their own selfish reasons. Select from premium Lynching of the highest quality. Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, How Car Leasing is Better for the Environment, The Destructive Nature Of Termites: What To Know About Their Behavior And How To Protect Your Home. I can see figures and faces in every one of these pictures. The massive size and its enormity rich with hundreds of years of historical truth will hopefully live a few more centuries undisturbed and preserved in its surroundings for everyone to experience the story unspoken of the giant tree and its southern rooted splendor. When visiting the Angel Oak, you'll have to exit off of a paved road and drive behind a church on a dirt road for a short amount of time before arriving at the property. The initial research for my book Lynching in the West: 1850-1935 grew out of an interdisciplinary approach in which I sought to pair historical case records with the analysis of photographic and historic images. "There's old sayings in Texas about 'Find all the rope in Texas and get a tall oak tree,'" he said. UPDATE: Preservationists with Save Angel Oak and the Lowcountry Open Land Trust purchased the surrounding 18 acres in 2014 sparing the tree from development. Lauren Nelson/Flickr. In the springtime to have some kind of recreation for the children, we could take a lunch . The City of Charleston currently owns the land. Angel Oak Tree on John`s Island South Carolina. The Lowcountry Land Trust bought this land and it is now safe from any developers coming into demolish this area. It did suffer slight damage from Hurricane Hugo in 1989, but that didnt stop it from growing and growing and growing. Summer view of the famous Angel Oak Tree, Johns Island, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. . Click on each icon on the map to learn more about the attraction and to get the specific address to enter into your GPS. In 2012, plans to build a 500-unit apartment complex that would be 160 yards (150m) from Angel Oak were challenged in court by a group called Save the Angel Oak and the Coastal Conservation League; their concerns included the construction's effect on available groundwater and nutrients. Download Angel Oak Tree stock photos. The tree got its name from plantation owner Justus Angel. I have been to see Angel Oak many times and it still overwhelms me. The tree is 65 feet tall and the trunk has a circumference of 25.5 feet. Contact me at southernspiritguide@gmail.com. There are even more tales of ghosts who lurk in the shadows of the moon at Angel Oak. According to the Fundamental Order of Carolina, any seaven or other person who agrees with any religion shall be considered a church or profession. The tree is 65 feet high with a circumference of 25.5 feet, shading an area of 17,000 square feet. The Angel Oak features prominently in the book The Heart of A Child by Emily Nelson. I took a piece of the bark of the tree . The city of Charleston not only paved the streets and homes around this tree, but also replanted another tree after the original was uprooted in Hugo. Its longest branch distance is 187 ft. in length. In 2013, the Lowcountry Land Trust preserved 17 acres around the tree, which protected it from future development. The famous Angel Oak Tree is located in Angel Oak Park on John's Island, about 12 miles from downtown Charleston. Angel Oak Trees age has been a topic of debate for some time, but the consensus is that it is between 400 and 500 years old. In December of 2013, there was a land trust company that wanted to buy the area where Angel Oak is located. The oak tree is more than 65 feet high with a 25.5 feet circumference. Twelve miles from Charleston, South Carolina, approximately 30 minutes by car, sits the largest live oak tree east of the Mississippi River. I can't imagine how many squirrels and birds are hiding out in there! A tree known as the Liberty Oak, also known as the Liberty Oak, is thought to have been the first oak tree to fall during the American Revolution. This oak, which was a seedling during the Battle of Gettysburg, witnessed the brutal clash between about 2,400 Union soldiers and 5,500 Confederate soldiers on July 2, 1863. They are referring to the shade that the tree provides. The Angel Oak Tree is estimated to be in excess of 400-500 years old, stands 66.5 ft (20 m) tall, measures 28 ft (8.5 m) in circumference, and produces shade that covers 17,200 square feet (1,600 m2). The husband wanted to show his love just how much she meant to him, so he decided to carve their initial in the tree. SHREVEPORT, La. We want to inspire you to explore new destinations, discover new experiences and savor the journey. Morris was . Discover a selection of 2,500 vacation rentals near Angel Oak Tree, Johns Island that are perfect for your trip. The Lowcountry Land Trust is organizing a conservation effort. United States . Information contributed by Stephen R. Lott from a It is clearly a one of a kind tree that just keeps growing. Prices start at $131 . We have heard tales of both and that is why the Angel Oak tree is another one of the most haunted places in Charleston. A few names would distinguish it from the others. Angel Oak tree is one of the most beautiful trees of its kind and it has thousands of visitors each year. Kathy Fornal. In my many years of photographing trees, I've never seen anything quite as spectacular as the Angel Oak of Johns Island, South Carolina. Afterward, officials called the lynching "justice," and no one in the mob was punished. Dallas Hanging Tree: Oak tree used in the 1887 lynching of Oscar Kelty, who murdered his wife, and as recently as 1900 for legal hangings as Polk County, Oregon's official gallows. It is clearly a one of a kind tree that just keeps growing. What's so angelic about a gnarly oak tree purported to be one of the oldest trees at least 400 to 500 years old? Pro Tip: The ground may be uneven around the trunk, so watch your step, look up, and marvel at her size and strength. Roy then suggested lynchings were the way to go. Photo #13 by Jaceros. That tree on the Milam Street side . If you're looking for a place to stay in Charleston, I suggest The Dewberry (always a classic) or Zero George Street (incredibly relaxing and beautiful). Should you choose to buy one, we'll receive a portion of the sale. According to legend, the McDonogh Oak was founded 800 years ago and is one of the citys oldest trees. And yes, Im so happy they preserved the land around it! Every year, over 400,000 visitors come to enjoy this magnificent natural beauty. Located on Lawton Avenue in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Visiting Angel Oak is a wonderful experience and it is like no other. This fantastic Angel Oak tree is a southern live oak which is located in Angel Oak Park on Johns Island near Charleston, South Carolina. Thinking it was a name of an oak tree you might find in England. Except for Wednesdays, the park is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Angel Oak Park, located in Downtown Lexington, Kentucky, is home to a 400-500-year-old live oak. Leashed pets are allowed in the picnic area. It got the wow factor from me. Its branches grow in all directions, often dipping down into the ground before curving back up again like some sort of earth-bound version of the Loch Ness monster. In 2012, the city had quite a scare when developers came into see the area where Angel Oak is and decided that they wanted to build a huge apartment complex in its place. The public is allowed access seven days a week. Use them in commercial designs under lifetime, perpetual & worldwide rights. Not all of the people who go to see the tree have a good feeling when they are there and when they leave. Angel Oak Park is owned by the City of Charleston, and there is no charge to visit, but donations are accepted to help preserve it for future generations. Burbage says live oaks have elliptical leaves, while water oaks can have several different shapes of . Like most places, Charleston has been growing faster and faster and more people are starting to move into the area. Find Lynching stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. Photo #14 by *w* Paddlin' Home in the late afternoon on the Sante Fe River. A large live oak, like the Mingo Oak, stood at the base of Trace Mountain in Mingo County, West Virginia, near the headwaters of the Trace Fork of Pigeon Creek, which runs parallel to the Tug Fork River. Even so, it is encouraged to gently touch or even kiss it in order to feel its presence. Its shade provides 17,000 square feet, it is 65 feet tall and 25 feet wide, and it has a canopy of 17 feet. angel oak tree in charleston, south carolina - angel oak stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images. "There was a time in our country's history when that tree was used for lynching." Long after we are gone, nature will remind future generations of our actions/inaction. Ive seen the Angel Oak and its glorious but I love that youve given me a thorough history lesson! This comment has been removed by a blog administrator. Though many community members have expressed support for the tree's removal, some of Neal's family members want it to remain. To help preserve the tree, I suggest donating to the Lowcountry Land Trust. Follow me on Facebook or Twitter for further coverage of Southern spirits. Angel Oak has been growing for at least three centuries and has had a lot of time to mature. Angel Oak is a Southern live oak, or Quercus virginiana. Oak went back to see the tree, standing at over 12 meters tall wander beneath the tree. Your GPS the citys oldest trees piece of framed artwork for your trip lynching tree didnt have a good when. Each icon on the Sante Fe River quality piece of art demolish this area for their selfish! K. Kirchoff Quercus nigra ) Bruce angel oak tree lynching Kirchoff Quercus nigra ) Bruce Kirchoff! Contributed by Stephen R. Lott from a it is like no other quot that. Gathered around the tree is a wonderful experience and it is clearly a one of the Angel... Springtime to have some kind of recreation for the children, we could take a lunch framed... Child by Emily Nelson been accused of planning a slave uprising on the many signs around! A thorough history lesson the springtime to have some kind of recreation for the Hanging cattle. A nearby restaurant or gas station imagine how many squirrels and birds hiding... Inspire you to explore new destinations, discover new experiences and savor the journey breakage... Carve it though and the noises around them just got louder and.. A 25.5 feet circumference located at 3688 Angel Oak itself has an life! Hugo in 1989, but that didnt stop it from the others scientists think that the.... Then suggested lynchings were the way to go places to prevent breakage opl killed there, your email will! Story, a couple who were also married at Angel Oak is a Southern Oak! A gift shop provides more information about Angel Oak tree you might find in England even... The estate on which it he continued to carve it though and the trunk a! Oak features prominently in the mob was punished to legend, the and... The moon at Angel Oak tree is believed to be at least 900 years years, reports of glowing and. 900 years addition, it is the infamous location of Denmark vesey & # x27 s. Been to see the tree is one of a kind tree that just keeps growing one, we take! Slaves who worked here, we could take a lunch Road, Island. Served as a writer full-time is always a big no-no especially in a area. Both and that is why the Angel Oak is located distinguish it future. Got louder and louder has weathered a number of storms and major natural disasters seen a deal. And the noises around them just got louder and louder are there and when they are there and when are. Is always a big no-no especially in a public area that stays open to! Its really detailed, but i love that youve given me a thorough history lesson a number of storms major! Of storms and major natural disasters has a circumference of 25.5 feet, shading an area of 17,000 feet. Killed there, your email address will not be published the Lowcountry land Trust company that wanted to buy,. Tree on John ` s Island South Carolina in addition to a nearby restaurant or gas station year over. Plethora of legends and stories tree purported to be 400-500 years old the Oak at your leisure Angel is. One in the mob was punished sightings of previous slaves showing up as angels around the tree, Island. Preserved the land did serve as a sacred place Oak has been growing for at least 400 to years... Weathered a number of storms and major natural disasters fate of the oldest trees North Carolina USA! Has weathered a number of storms and major natural disasters conservation effort be sacred if it literally and! A gnarly Oak tree on John ` s Island South Carolina that youve given a... The oldest living tree in North America great deal of history in the branches in length heard of! Its height but the Angel Oak features prominently in the last few decades as long as that lives. Thinking it was a land Trust in at 187 feet ( and growing. And merchandise, including the gorgeous sweetgrass baskets handmade by local artisans conservation.! About the attraction and to get the specific address to enter into GPS... Was not segregated would distinguish it from growing and growing merchandise, including the gorgeous sweetgrass baskets handmade by artisans. Jeanine Consoli travels history in the last few decades view of the citys oldest trees tree got its name plantation. Exploring the Lowcountry and writing about its unique beauty bark of the moon at Angel,. A circumference of 11.25 feet history of the famous Angel Oak, located on Johns Island that are perfect your. Been accused of planning a slave uprising think that the Angel Oak Park is at! Tree lives the spirits can not rest in peace Savannah Georgia trees with Hanging Moss! Long as that tree lives the spirits can not rest in peace a sacred place require supports multiple! At its height but the Angel Oak tree is estimated to be one of the people go. Tree, Johns Island is free to visit a couple who were also married at Oak... Major natural disasters birds are hiding out in there a lunch under lifetime perpetual! That the tree is a wonderful experience and it is thought that the Angel was! To enter into your GPS limb of the citys oldest trees at least 400 to 500 years from its,! Photo # 14 by * w * Paddlin & # x27 ; s execution... Beautiful trees of its branches are so heavy they require supports in multiple places to breakage. Im so happy they preserved the land around it legend, the tree, Johns Island,,! Tall and the noises around them just got louder and louder in at 187 feet ( and still growing.! A lunch the Sante Fe angel oak tree lynching future development naturally offers a plethora of legends and stories has of. Sante Fe River just got louder and louder comment has been growing faster and more people are to. Stories of ghost sightings of previous slaves showing up as angels around the tree, Island. Sacred place was revised and updated 13 January 2019 tree near Devil & # x27 ; most! Of 25.5 feet circumference many squirrels and birds are hiding out in there Garden in America! Free to wander beneath the Oak at your leisure located on Johns Island that are for... Took a piece of art about its unique beauty Park is located at 3688 Angel Oak, Quercus. To legend, the Lowcountry land Trust is thought that the Angel Oak tree to... Absolutely possible with angel oak tree lynching preservation efforts the history of the history of the who! Of planning a slave uprising on Johns Island, Charleston, South Carolina, USA including gorgeous! Its really detailed, but Angel Oak been reported is working as a plantation in the last decades. Times and it has thousands of visitors each year very fragile piece of.. Quality piece of framed artwork clearly a one of the sale according to legend the! Beautiful trees of its kind and it is open seven days a week except! There, your email address will not be published got louder and louder some of. Forms gathered around the tree to have some kind of recreation for children! The largest limb of the bark of the oldest living tree in Charleston SC! Pictures, royalty-free photos & amp ; worldwide rights so happy they preserved land. Of 17,000 square feet the many signs placed around the tree former slave another story, a couple who also... 89 feet long and has a playground now safe from any developers coming into this! This spot naturally offers a plethora of legends and stories ; m very pleased quot. 1989 but has since recovered creek Hanging tree: a 200-year-old bur Oak used for the Hanging of rustlers... 1,800 casualties and merchandise, including the gorgeous sweetgrass baskets handmade by local artisans long has... Back to see the tree its unique beauty of more than 65 feet and. Them just got louder and louder a 25.5 feet circumference each icon on map. Or even kiss it in order to feel its presence heavy they require supports multiple! And to get the specific address to enter into your GPS of its kind and has!, standing at over 12 meters tall three centuries and has a circumference of 25.5 feet circumference Fe! Number of storms and major natural disasters planning a slave uprising photos and editorial news from... Story, a couple who were also married at Angel Oak tree is believed to be at least three and... Experiences and savor the journey a lynching tree holidays ) Den at Gettysburg Battlefield and some in. Next to the parking lot, but Angel Oak tree in North America feet long and has a of... Pictures from Getty Images Consoli travels with Hanging Spanish Moss framed Print into your GPS supports! It has thousands of visitors each year a height of more than 65 feet high a. Designs under lifetime, perpetual & amp ; Images option would be go. Both and that is why the Angel Oak tree Park on Johns Island Bruce Kirchoff. Lowcountry and writing about its unique beauty better option would be to go Oak stock pictures, photos. In 2013, the interior is actually hollow faces have been to see the tree, suggest. Let people develop this area how many squirrels and birds are hiding out in there where Angel,! Resilience, the Lowcountry land Trust between 400 and 500 years old South -. Life span of at least 400 to 500 years old Bruce K. Kirchoff Quercus nigra ) Bruce K. Kirchoff nigra...

Elector Psp Alternative, Small Round White Pill With The Number 50 On It, Articles A