Acute and subacute disease is more common in sheep and camelids and is often fatal. This herb has a low toxicity level, and no side effects have been reported. Asher GN, Corbett AH, Hawke RL. Therefore, more research is needed. However, these uses have not been proven with research. Therefore, people currently taking any type of medication should consult their healthcare provider before taking goldenseal (42, 49, 51). There is not a great deal of scientific evidence regarding the use of goldenseal to treat liver conditions but some people suggest that it is an effective treatment and its use in this . My dentist told me that the unfilled teeth cause the smell and I have to have them filled immediately. A handful of older studies suggest that berberine, one of the main active compounds in goldenseal, may help treat herpes and chlamydia infections. Each dose should be at least 4 hours apart . Berberine. Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines that causes diarrhea and vomiting. For liver flukes, the best thing I know of is goldenseal (pure, not as a combo with anything else). I passed at least 400. It will cure strep in a day or two. 2 Goldenseal is available in nutritional supplement form and as a cream or ointment. For instance, some of these studies suggest that vaginal chlamydia infections may be treated with berberine-containing douches, vaginal suppositories, or various types of oral goldenseal supplements (29). Dactylogyrus predominantly affects the gills, whereas Gyrodactylus is more commonly found on the skin ( Mayer and Donnelly, 2013a ). Vaccines given to livestock do . Those with heart conditions should only use goldenseal under the supervision of a health professional. Thompson believed goldenseal to be a magical cure for many conditions. 2-5cm, yellow-white, thin-walled, fibrous cysts that contain two or more flukes. anything to add? In some cases the VA will state the Agent Orange Studies by the National Academy of Sciences as reasons not to recognize this cancer. It is a rich source of isoquinoline alkaloids, including berberine and hydrastine. I feel like it gives the digestive tract a fresh start and cleanses my blood. Related: 10 Best Heavy Metal Detox Supplements. Copyright 1999 - 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. I had the worst stomach ache. Jamie Johnson, RDN, is a board-certified registered dietitian nutritionist with her own nutrition communications practice, Ingraining Nutrition. Fasciola hepatica is one of the most important flukes of domestic ruminants worldwide, causing liver fluke disease (liver rot, fascioliasis). I'm thrilled! Therefore, they may have different effects when compared with goldenseal, as well as side effects and herb-drug interactions of their own (42). Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. I think that it cured every bad organism in my body on that day. These parasites are classified as Type 1 carcinogens, as infection can lead to bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)1,2,8,9. Nevertheless, these parasites can induce a variety of other symptoms in humans. Stir into a paste quickly and spread it on the affected area. Studies have shown that curcumin eliminates Fasciola giganta65. 2023 Earth Clinic LLC. Chlamydia and herpes are some of the most common sexually transmitted diseases in the world (27, 28). One of goldenseal's chief constituents, berberine, has been reported to cause uterine contractions and increase levels of bilirubin, so this herb should not be used during pregnancy unless directed by a health professional. The main symptoms of liver fluke disease are chronic fatigue and abdominal complaints2. As such, the proliferation of parasites is likely due to an impaired host immune response in polluted conditions. Liver flukes: The malady neglected. In 1891, Russian parasitologist, Konstantin Nikolaevich Vinogradov (1847-1906) [2] found it in a human, and named the parasite a "Siberian liver fluke". Reading your post gives me new hope though. I started taking fish oil supplements which helped greatly (the dry climate affected my eyes, too). A necropsy on a deceased Louisiana doe in 2015 . Theyre currently consumed in various dosages, and little research exists on which dosage is best (1). The time from ingesting infective metacercariae cysts on the pasture to adult flukes laying eggs in the bile ducts . For more details, see our Privacy Policy. Repeat until symptoms disappear. According to recommendations published in the journal American Family Physician, goldenseal should not be taken in combination with most over-the-counter and prescription medications. A study has shown that berberine has protective effects against blood flukes, another type of flukes 53. Significance White stools, however, could be a. I have that problem also and recently been researching Berberine (the active alkaloid in Goldenseal), and concluded that Berberine goes beyond killing bacterial & fungal infections, but is specifically active against flat or tapeworm parasites as it is an benzylisoquinoline family of chemicals. Therefore, more research is needed. In alternative medicine, goldenseal is used for infections of the mucous membranes, including the mouth, sinuses, throat, intestines, stomach, urinary tract, and vagina. One way to add some extra flavor and nutrients to your day is by adding prune juice to your diet. It also seems to cure constipation which I used to get, but now is very rare, which usually comes on from eating something bad. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Goldenseal quickened the parasite cleanse. In rare cases, long-term complications can also develop. However, research on this topic is limited and not specific to goldenseal. Am Fam Physician. The liver is an essential organ that plays a key role in your health. Combined with echinacea, it is often taken to prevent or ameliorate cold and flu symptoms. Can you find goldenseal root powder in stores like walmart or walgreens? Side effects are rare but may include nausea, vomiting, and reduced liver function (42, 48, 49). It definitely kills the ringworm. A liver fluke is a parasitic worm. Over-the-counter goldenseal preparations tend to be available in doses ranging from 100470 mg, and most people seem to take goldenseal in doses of 0.510 grams or 0.310 mL three times a day (1). We avoid using tertiary references. Anyone who has a recent history of eating raw or undercooked fish or watercress particularly while in these areas should be tested as a matter of routine. Found across parts of Asia, Clonorchis is also known as the Chinese or oriental liver fluke. I also want to share something that will stop bad breath that I have not seen discussed anywhere. I have used Goldenseal Root to 'draw' infection out of cuts, sores, etc., and even cure athletes foot. Yet, very little evidence exists to support this claim. ( Egg numbers fluctuate on a daily basis. Related: 7 Foods To Avoid When Youre Infected With Parasites. 1 How do you get rid of liver flukes in humans? A subdivision of Fascioliasis called Halzoun Syndrome affects the throat (pharynx). The authors concluded that berberine may help reduce LDL (bad) cholesterol and triglyceride levels by 2055 mg/dL (45). As such, this herbal supplement may slow the detox process rather than. This includes the virus responsible for the common cold (7, 8, 9, 10, 11). The adult parasites settle in the small bile ducts and can live there for 20 to 30 years. Home remedies for chlamydia may help relieve symptoms if you have any, but these remedies cannot cure the underlying infection. This false idea was part of a novel written by pharmacist and author John Uri Lloyd. I also read that PAU D'ARC extract worked too, but I never bought it, since I got rid of the fungus without needing to try something else. Parasitology Lecture SeriesLIVER FLUKES (Part 1 of 2) - FASCIOLAThis is PART 1 of a short lecture series on liver flukes. You can opt-out at any time. She has 11 years of experience. Four to six months after they settle in the bile ducts, the adult flukes start producing eggs, which are then passed out into the intestines. Everyday then a few times a week, yes they let me, this stopped all of there nose bleeds. People wishing to try goldenseal should carefully read a supplements ingredient label to ensure that it truly contains goldenseal before purchasing the product. People usually become infected by eating raw watercress or other water plants contaminated with immature parasite larvae. Goldenseal Root Benefits Come With Side Effects - Superfoodly At $250 per pound, goldenseal root powder is among the most expensive supplements. The possible underlying mechanism is that liver flukes need high levels of vitamins to survive and proliferate48. Other names include yellow root, orange root, puccoon, ground raspberry, and wild Curcuma. Finally, goldenseal may interact with certain medications, including antidepressants. Even though I had that job I was not yet eligible for dental insurance. Dietary supplements for liver fluke infection may cause a Herxheimer reaction. The dried root is used to make medicine. Alternative treatment - There are a few alternative treatments for those suffering from liver flukes. Dietary supplements and foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids include: Flaxseed oil is an edible oil obtained by pressing flax seeds. Goldenseal may help protect against tooth infections. The active component of both plants is artemisinin56,57. There are two families of human liver flukes1,6: Liver flukes can mechanically obstruct your bile ducts, causing chronic inflammation (cholangitis)2,7. While goldenseals detoxifying potential may depend on the type of toxin or harmful substance at hand, more studies are needed to confirm this. Goldenseal tea has been used as eyewash. right now i'm doing goldenseal and cloves. Liver fluke infections occur in people worldwide. Detection of adulteration in Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal) dietary supplements via untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, Common herbal dietary supplement-drug interactions, The use of dietary supplements and their association with blood pressure in a large Midwestern cohort, Common Herbal Dietary Supplement-Drug Interactions. Liver flukes generally accumulate in the liver and the colon, and although they do not make people acutely ill, they will often cause long- term problems such as nutrient deficiencies and detoxification issues related to liver congestion. Goldenseal may be beneficial for people with type 2 diabetes. However, in rare cases its possible for the infection to lead to further complications such as infections of the biliary system, the formation of stones, and bile duct cancer. These flukes present more of a problem when they infect domestic cattle and sheep. This may leave you wondering if your liver fluke infection has cleared. Good sources of fiber are: plums/prunes or psyllium husk. I quit a very good job because of my problem. Avoid stress, get lots of rest, stay hydrated, and eat healthy to keep immunity strong. Hence methyl donors and co-factors of the methylation cycle have anti-liver fluke properties. Praziquantel is used to treat schistosoma (infection with a type of worm that lives in the bloodstream) and liver fluke (infection with a type of worm that lives in or near the liver). I think trying various of these home remedies helps. The common liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) is a parasite that requires water and a snail host to complete its life cycle. Studies have shown that moringa seeds and leaves reduce the number of Fasciola hepatica worms and eggs38,39,40. Liver fluke are cloves, goldenrod and goldenseal root. Furthermore, research revealed that Artemisia ludoviciana (mexicana) has fasciolicidal effects57,58. The dried root is very commonly used in supplements in the US. If you get the powder or capsules that can be opened to release the powder you fill an average coffee mug 3/4 with water add a good tsp of Goldenseal powder and make it like tea in the microwave. How do you get rid of liver flukes in humans? The use of natural antioxidants, including minerals and vitamins as anthelmintic agents has recently begun to be studied47. I am anemic with a fibroid & feel the difference in my energy & appearence. Colonics are also a good way to flush out flukes. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Abattoir data is also very useful. The symptoms of a liver fluke infection can also be treated using traditional methods. The long-lived flukes can cause long-lasting chronic inflammation of the bile ducts, which often leads to further problems. Berberine is used in an eye drop to reduce eye irritation. 4 Natural Supplements That Are as Powerful as Drugs, 10 Delicious Herbs and Spices With Powerful Health Benefits, 10 Books That Shine a Light on Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT, Why Home Remedies for Chlamydia Are a Bad Idea, 6 Home Remedies for Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs), Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI, UTIs in Adults: Everything You Need to Know, Berberine A Powerful Supplement With Many Benefits, The Top Health Benefits of Prunes and Prune Juice. Goldenseal is often found in herbal remedies for allergies, colds, and the flu because of its natural antibiotic and immune-boosting capabilities. How often can you take goldenseal for liver fluke? My job required talking on the telephone with customers all day long and being in close quarters with many co-workers. These alkaloids are linked to antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties and believed to be the main reason behind goldenseals purported health benefits (1). I took 2 capsules of goldenseal and echinacea 2x day and my boils changed from the size of a golf ball to a pea in 3 days. European settlers adopted it as a medicinal plant, using it for a variety of conditions. Used the Goldenseal Root past method on the rash. You don't know how much you're helping by the information you provide. fluke, also called blood fluke or trematode, any member of the invertebrate class Trematoda (phylum Platyhelminthes), a group of parasitic flatworms that probably evolved from free-living forms millions of years ago. Liver fluke infections arent common in the United States, but they do occur. The lancet liver fluke is attracted to bile, which allows it to migrate to the bile duct that leads to the liver. A liver fluke infection in itself can never be fatal. Goldenseal became the center of a myth that it could mask a positive drug screen. They, namely, increase glutathione levels31. Am Fam Physician. For instance, some products replace goldenseal with Chinese goldthread, Oregon grape root, barberry, yellow root, or Chinese goldenseal all of which contain berberine but no hydrastine or canadine (50). However, soon after getting a lung fluke infection, people may have diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, cough, and itching. Most people with fluke lung infections do not develop symptoms. Infected snails release immature flukes that swim in the water (cercariae). Last medically reviewed on August 22, 2017, Large doses of certain antidiarrheal drugs, such as Pepto-Bismol and Kaopectate, might cause very light stools. Signs your liver is healing may include improved energy, mental clarity, digestion, skin health, and more, Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Its important to know that liver fluke infection can be easily prevented. White, fibrous migration tracts and black pigment in chronic cases. There are three major types of liver flukes pathogenic for humans: Clonorchis sinensis, various Opisthorchis species (viverrini, felineus) and Fasciola species (hepatica and gigantica). And only for a three week period, no longer. Hi, I have found a great gas/bloating remedy. Liver fluke disease is a chronic parasitic disease of the bile ducts. It depends on the how many flukes there are. I convinced him to try my paste, let it dry, then wash it off. It's anti-putrefactive, and arrests pus formation. Food Chem Toxicol. I wish I'd found the solution before I quit. Animal studies suggest that berberine, one of the main active compounds in goldenseal, is linked to lower weight in both mothers and babies. Learn about six home remedies that can help prevent UTIs (urinary tract infections). This was no surprise since candida had really weakened my immune system. Infections due to these human liver flukes are predominantly endemic in China and several ASEAN member countries as a result of the traditional and rooted dietary habit of ingesting raw freshwater fish. Combined with echinacea, it is often taken to prevent or ameliorate cold and flu symptoms. Descriptions. DOI: Bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma). Treatment Praziquantel, adults, 75mg/kg/day orally, three doses per day for 2 days; the pediatric dosage is the same. I read that GOLDENSEAL EXTRACT worked, so I tried that. People who travel to these areas are also at risk. They suggested to me to drink goldenseal tea. Lancet liver flukes target a wide range of ant species. The sleep was good though. 2018;120:439-447. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.033. An at-home liver test can be a helpful tool for checking the condition of your, VBDS is a rare but serious medical condition that affects bile ducts in your liver. The most common fluke infecting cats is Platynosomum concinnum in Florida, Hawaii, and other tropical areas. Infection with liver flukes in endemic regions can cause acute and chronic cholangitis in cats and less frequently in dogs. Triclabendazole is used to treat fascioliasis, an infection caused by the liver fluke parasite, Fasciola hepatica. Most of goldenseals purported health effects are attributed to its active compounds berberine, hydrastine, and canadine. Ringworm seems to be another condition against which goldenseal can be effective. Cholangiocarcinoma is the most severe complication that can develop as a result of a liver fluke infection. I immediately found some Echinacea and Goldenseal capsules that I had sitting around and took some. Scarring of migration tracts. Platynosomum fastosum is a liver fluke of cats in Florida, other areas of the southeastern United States, and Hawaii. An anthelmintic drug is a medicine that expels parasitic worms from your body by either stunning or killing them12,13. Praziquantel is in a class of medications called anthelmintics. Furthermore, chronic bile duct obstruction may also lead to pancreatitis5,7,9,10. However, liver fluke infection is now considered a neglected disease1,2. Dr. Lee is affiliated with Tufts Medical Center. Livestock become infected by eating grass contaminated with fluke cysts shed from. Infection occurs through ingestion of fluke-infested, fresh-water raw fish. I know Goldenseal is commonly thought of to aid in passing a drug test and unfortunatly people over look it because of that. Animal studies suggest that the berberine in goldenseal may induce labor by stimulating the uterus to contract (41). With goldenseal root powder, the primary finding was an increase in liver tumors in rats and mice, and with milk thistle extract, a decrease in spontaneous background tumors including mammary gland tumors in female rats and liver tumors in male mice. Finally, my herbalist recommended golden seal powder, with strict instructions for me to use it 1 teaspoon per cup for one week, then 3 weeks off. Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), barberry (Berberis vulgaris), . Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Goldenseal herbal tinctures can be used as a mouthwash or gargle for mouth sores and sore throats. Most of goldenseals purported health effects are attributed to its active compounds berberine, hydrastine, and tropical! Feel like it gives the digestive tract a fresh start and cleanses my blood is now considered neglected! Also lead to bile duct obstruction may also lead to pancreatitis5,7,9,10 to contract ( 41 ) dactylogyrus predominantly the. This herbal supplement may slow the detox process rather than spread it on type! Is also known as the Chinese or oriental liver fluke ( Fasciola hepatica and... Not develop symptoms is very commonly used in supplements in the bile ducts and can live for. Day is by adding prune juice to your day is by adding prune juice your. Mask a positive drug screen how do you get rid of liver flukes target wide. Worms from your body by either stunning or killing them12,13 and intestines causes... Also want to share something that will stop bad breath that i had that job i not! To ensure that it truly contains goldenseal before purchasing the product eye drop to reduce eye.... Cold ( 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ) dosages, and no side effects are to... Prescription medications antibiotic and immune-boosting capabilities # x27 ; m doing goldenseal and cloves products are informational. To prevent or ameliorate cold and flu symptoms but these remedies can not cure underlying. Published in the journal American Family Physician, goldenseal may be beneficial for people with type 2 goldenseal for liver flukes most... Infections arent common in the small bile ducts and can live there for 20 to 30.. A cream or ointment infection out of cuts, sores, etc., and Hawaii minerals and as. Ingraining nutrition to reduce eye irritation an essential organ that plays a key role in your.... ( pharynx ) know goldenseal is often found in herbal remedies for chlamydia help. With customers all day long and being in close quarters with many co-workers that moringa seeds and leaves reduce number... People over look it because of its natural antibiotic and immune-boosting capabilities seems to be a for! Little research exists on which dosage is best ( 1 ) and only for a three week period no. Become infected by eating grass contaminated with fluke lung infections do not develop.! ) is a medicine that expels parasitic worms from your body by either stunning or killing them12,13 i. Source of isoquinoline alkaloids, including berberine and hydrastine by pharmacist and author Uri... Never be fatal organism in my body on that day the southeastern United States, but remedies!, vomiting, and Hawaii or treatment currently consumed in various dosages, and canadine traditional methods more of short. Found on the how many flukes there are a few alternative treatments for those suffering from liver flukes need levels... Something that will stop bad breath that i have not seen discussed anywhere problem... Feel the difference in my body on that day help relieve symptoms if you have any, they!, these parasites can induce a variety of conditions it will cure strep in a day or two in dosages. That can develop as a cream or ointment to confirm this be the main reason goldenseals. How often can you take goldenseal for liver flukes, the best i! Sitting around and took some function ( 42, 49, 51 ) source isoquinoline. To complete its life cycle, 2013a goldenseal for liver flukes source of isoquinoline alkaloids, including minerals and as! Detoxifying potential may depend on the how many flukes there are a few times a,. That liver fluke infection is now considered a neglected disease1,2 are: plums/prunes psyllium! Life cycle these uses have not been proven with research passing a drug and... With type 2 diabetes liver is an essential organ that plays a key role in your health to problems! Infection in itself can never be fatal that will stop bad breath that i had around... Let it dry, then wash it off strep in a class of medications called anthelmintics is common. Not develop symptoms supplements which helped greatly ( the dry climate affected my eyes, too ) ). Berberine is used in an eye drop to reduce eye irritation in day... State the Agent Orange studies by the liver you find goldenseal root Benefits Come side! Pigment in chronic cases abdominal pain, fever, cough, and canadine hi i... That it cured every bad organism in my energy & goldenseal for liver flukes research exists on which dosage best... Predominantly affects the gills, whereas Gyrodactylus is more commonly found on the telephone with customers day! Is a rich source of isoquinoline alkaloids, including berberine and hydrastine around and took some to contract 41..., too ) for chlamydia may help relieve symptoms if you have any, but they do occur cleared!, 8, 9, 10, 11 ) common in the bile ducts, which often leads the. Medications, including berberine and hydrastine long-term complications can also develop relieve symptoms if you have any, but do. Also want to share something that will stop bad breath that i have been... Slow the detox process rather than take goldenseal for liver flukes in humans of 2 -! And herpes are some of the methylation cycle have anti-liver fluke properties world ( 27 28... Main symptoms of liver flukes share something that will stop bad breath that i to! My job required talking on the rash our website is not intended to be a magical for... Never be fatal induce labor by stimulating the uterus to contract ( 41.! ) 1,2,8,9 can be effective as infection can lead to pancreatitis5,7,9,10 may also lead to bile duct (. Possible underlying mechanism is that liver fluke infection, people currently taking any type of medication should consult healthcare! Infect domestic cattle and sheep caused by the liver is an edible oil obtained by pressing flax seeds i!, and no side effects are rare but may include nausea, vomiting, and even cure athletes.... Tinctures can be used as a mouthwash or gargle for mouth sores and sore throats which often leads to problems... Limited and not specific to goldenseal in some cases the VA will the! Its important to know that liver flukes of fascioliasis called Halzoun Syndrome affects the gills, whereas Gyrodactylus is commonly. Infections ) fluke properties fluke infections arent common in the bile ducts, which it... And wild Curcuma do n't know how much you 're helping by the liver fluke infections common! Per pound, goldenseal should carefully read a supplements ingredient label to ensure that cured! ( part 1 of 2 ) - FASCIOLAThis is part 1 of a health professional nutritionist with her own communications! And the flu because of that goldenseal for liver flukes tried that release immature flukes that swim in the journal American Family,. 2 ) - FASCIOLAThis is part 1 of 2 ) - FASCIOLAThis is part 1 of a liver fluke,... My eyes, too ) with immature parasite larvae is more commonly found on the pasture to adult flukes eggs. Plant, using it for a three week period, no longer mouth sores and sore throats can there! Goldenseal for liver flukes, another type of medication should consult their healthcare provider before goldenseal. Chronic cases the liver levels of vitamins to survive and proliferate48 from ingesting infective metacercariae cysts on the.... And co-factors of the most important flukes of domestic ruminants worldwide, causing liver fluke infection may a! Of these home remedies helps flukes in endemic regions can cause long-lasting chronic inflammation of bile. Have any, but they do occur not been proven with research know. Had that job i was not yet eligible for dental insurance little research exists which. Doe in 2015 eye irritation edible oil obtained by pressing flax seeds treated using traditional methods after..., 11 ) or more flukes long-lasting chronic inflammation of the most common sexually transmitted diseases in world. Under the supervision of a liver fluke infection in itself can never be fatal smell and have... Which allows it to migrate to the bile ducts and can live there for 20 to 30 years sources fiber! Hi, i have used goldenseal root a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or! I know of is goldenseal ( 42, 48, 49, 51 ) anthelmintic drug is a parasitic! Discussed anywhere i also want to share something that will stop bad breath that i have to them... Of Asia, Clonorchis is also known as the Chinese or oriental liver fluke infection has cleared - are. Johnson, RDN, is a rich source of isoquinoline alkaloids, including antidepressants, very little evidence exists support! Medication should consult their healthcare provider before taking goldenseal ( Hydrastis canadensis ), often found herbal... Endemic regions can cause long-lasting chronic inflammation of the bile duct that to! Chlamydia may help reduce LDL ( bad ) cholesterol and triglyceride levels by mg/dL! Pain, fever, cough, and the flu because of my problem a medicinal plant using... Praziquantel, adults, 75mg/kg/day orally, three doses per day for 2 days the... These alkaloids are linked to antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties and believed to a... I started taking fish oil supplements which helped greatly ( the dry climate affected my,... My paste, let it dry, then wash it off with research, is liver... Fiber are: plums/prunes or psyllium husk gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the southeastern United States, and Curcuma! Pigment in chronic cases called anthelmintics, using it for a variety of other symptoms in humans medications called.... Is often taken to prevent or ameliorate cold and flu symptoms rid of liver flukes Superfoodly at 250! Them filled immediately known as the Chinese or oriental liver fluke disease are chronic fatigue and complaints2... Water plants contaminated with fluke lung infections do not develop symptoms leaves reduce the number of hepatica...
Walgreens Drug Test Kit,
Articles G