Red is the rarest hair color, with less than 2 percent of the worlds population sporting natural carrot tops. Reduced performance at physical and mental tasks, like driving. This increased sensitivity is associated with a lower pain threshold in redheads. READ: Why Being Ginger During Summer Is Actually Pretty Awesome. Like most other cell surface receptors, MC1R is regulated by a set of complementary proteins. Learn more about the different. Endorphins have several functions, but one of their primary roles is to provide pain relief. Do redheads have a higher alcohol tolerance? To make it even more intriguing, research has also shown that redheads. Historically, redheads have been associated with hot-tempers and perceived as more emotional, which might suggest they need more drugs and anesthetic gases to maintain sleep during surgery. Her work has appeared in Scienceline, The Washington Post and Scientific American. My friend who I got into smoking and always smokes with me is a redhead and he gets blasted worse than anybody I know. Instead, a gene mutation controlling hair color may be to blame. Unfortunately, the reactions redheads have to pain medication arent more widely known among physicians in other specialties, Shah says. They say redheads have more fun but while that may or may not be true, there are very tangible problems that redheads face: redheads feel more pain, or at the very least, are more sensitive to some types of pain. Intraoperative awareness risk, anesthetic sensitivity, and anesthetic management for patients with natural red hair: A matched cohort study. Read more. Furthermore, their findings affect how redheads respond to various medications, including opioids. This could explain the redhead vs. non-redhead difference in pain tolerance. Melanin is a black-brown pigment that gives skin, hair, and eyes their natural colors. Redheads in my family are not afraid of pain. 1 What this means behaviorally is that you act as though you are not intoxicated, maybe even at high levels of blood alcohol concentrations (BACs). Researchers have found that redheads possess an extra copy of the MC1R gene compared to others. Red hair occurs naturally in 1-2% of the human population, and because its so rare, theres always been a degree of fascination associated with it. In addition, redheads need more opioids than non-redheads when it comes to dental procedures, and they are more likely to be left-handed. They also respond better to opioid pain medications. I often find bruises, sometimes really large ones and sometimes a day or two into healing. Is it Safe to Eat a Turkey Frozen For 2-3 Years? Thats why she recommends that redheads be proactive when undergoing a procedure that requires medication for pain. For instance, if you have sensitive skin, you may want to try out a moisturizer or cream with apricot kernel oil. A 2007 report in The Courier-Mail,which cited a National Geographic article and unnamed geneticists, claimed redheads were slowly disappearing. In addition, redheads are more likely to. According to Simon Cheetham, director of the outcomes research institute, redheads have a higher pain threshold and are less sensitive to hot and cold temperatures. Red for danger: the effects of red hair in surgical practice. They found that the redheads were more likely to be awake during the procedure than the dark-haired volunteers. Teresa Fidalgo Age Is Teresa Fidalgo a Real Ghost. At any rate, redheads exhibit a number of intriguing biological features. They feel more pain but are also more resistant to some types of pain, they are resistant to some conditions and are more at risk from others. Aspen Green Review: Brand, Products, And More, Dominique Fontaine, BSN, RN, HNB-BC, HWNC-BC, 9 Natural Sleep Aids That May Help You Get Some Shut-Eye, fear or discomfort at the dentist because anesthesia doesnt work as well, poor response to prescribed anesthetics, like topical lidocaine for sore throats. Redheads are also more sensitive to cold. If the patient is indeed a natural redhead, she carefully monitors the patients reaction while administering anesthesia to ensure they are properly anesthetized. Another study found that redheads are more sensitive to sensations of cold and hot, and that the dental anesthetic lidocaine is less effective for redheads. BOSTON Redheads have a reputation for being hot-tempered. The MC1R protein is responsible for hair color, which can range from black or brown to lighter colors such as blonde and red. Redheads often have fair skin, a trait known to increase skin cancer risk. In other words, lidocaine was less effective in those with red hair. (Later, science proved that skin mantle a thin, acidic film on our skins surface is actually more acidic in redheads, causing perfume to more quickly evaporate when applied and potentially emitting a unique smell of its own.). How can scammers use your phone number to hack your Instagram? Alcohol tolerance develops due to adaptations that occur in the brain. Redheads. Are there risks associated with getting more anesthetics? Not only is she one of Hollywoods most talented actresses, with five Oscar nominations under her fashionable belt, she actually smells sexy. Theres another important difference, which we have saved for fun. POMC is cut into different hormones, including one that enhances pain perception (melanocyte stimulating hormone) and another that blocks pain (beta-endorphin). Im not sure about the pain tolerance though. In fact, scientists have known for 15 years that mice and humans with the mutated MC1R gene feel pain differently than others. This could explain why redheads are more sensitive to cold pain while people with orange-hued hair are less, Researchers have discovered that redhead mice secrete lower levels of proopiomelanocortin, a hormone that enhances pain perception and blocks pain. This gene mutation is found in two other studies of people with MC1R genetics. To make it even more intriguing, research has also shown that redheads require more anesthetic. The study, which was carried out on mice, found varied pain thresholds among redhead mice. The primary manifestation is a highly visible facial flushing (47-85% in Orientals vs 3-29% in Caucasians) accompanied by other objective and subjective symptoms of discomfort. Walking Outdoors: Which Is Better? There are also different types of facial cleansers. Also, as celebrity stylist Danny Moon told InStyle, the dye molecules found in red hair are larger than those in other hues and larger molecules cant penetrate the hair as deeply as smaller molecules can. Scientists identify the specific gene that protects against severe COVID-19, The spicy history of how pumpkin spice got so popular, To run a marathon, you don't need superhuman abilities -- you need efficiency and resilience, 19 percent more inhaled, general anesthesia. Our fascination with them may be irrational, but redheads are distinguished by the rest of the population through more than just hair color. Although red hair isnt associated with an increased risk of heart disease or cancer, redheads are more susceptible to specific health conditions. (2005). Another fun fact about redheads: its hard to find good veins for blood draws and IVs. Other mammals also have it. A widely believed myth claimed that redheads were more likely to bleed more heavily, up to the point where some surgeons refused to carry out complicated surgeries, due to a fear of excessive bleeding. A 2009 study of more than 130,000 people who were followed for 16 years found that those with lighter hair colors were at increased risk for Parkinson's disease compared to those with black hair. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Research indicates that redheads have higher thresholds for pain and need less vitamin D than the rest of us thanks to the MC1R gene mutation, which gives their hair its hue. Ascherio A, Gao X, Simon KC, Han J, and Schwarzschild MA. Here are five health risks linked with being a redhead. But they also increase the amount of melanocortin in redhead mice. The study gives insight into why people with red hair respond differently to pain than others. In 98% of the population, MC1R produces dark eumelanin, a dark type of pigment. Image credits: Eva Rinaldi. Top Five People Search Sites: A Complete Review, AssignmentCore: Pay Experts to Do Your Programming Homework, What to Look for in a Personal Injury Lawyers Qualifications, Why is it important to monitor your blood pressure at home, Health implications when traveling abroad for the elderly, Considering an FLR? So if youre a redhead, it might be a good idea to visit the dentist more often. She has a master's degree in journalism from New York University's Science, Health and Environmental Reporting Program. Uncovering the mechanisms that affect pain perception in people with red hair may also help others by informing new treatment strategies for pain. Increasingly, studies are showing that redheads process pain somewhat differently than the rest of the population. In addition, mutations in the MC1R gene can increase redheads tolerance to alcohol. The research is ongoing, and currently available studies have found conflicting results. "In addition, there is recent evidence that redheads are more tolerant to local anesthetics and more sensitive to opioids." More anesthetic, less analgesic Here's what studies have revealed about redheads and pain: They need about 20 percent more anesthesia to be sedated. Its a gene thats connected to quite a lot of processes. They inherit mutations in the melanocortin 1 receptor, or MC1R, on chromosome 16. A review of seven studies revealed that redheads have a higher pain threshold than non-redheads. They do know, however, why redheads are at an increased risk for melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer. It is active in melanocytes, inflammatory cells, and immune cells. RedHead Nicknames | 121+ Funny Cute Nicknames For RedHeads, MC1R mutation causes redheads to take smaller doses of painkillers, MC2R, MC3R and MC4R also linked to redheads, MC1R mutation causes redheads to take smaller doses of vitamin D, MC1R mutation causes redheads to be proactive when undergoing a procedure that requires medication for pain, Acid mantle causes redheads to have a different smell. These mice show higher tolerance to pain. However, subcutaneous lidocaine yielded different results. A 2009 study published in the Annals of Neurology looked at more than 130,000 people over 16 years and found those with red hair had a risk unlike those with dark hair. Those with red hair are also more sensitive to thermal and volatile anesthetics. Heres how it works. Take a class, join a group or attend a lecture, and allow us to be your partner in well-being. Anesthesia stages. If youre concerned about your tolerance for alcohol, its a good idea to take regular breaks now and then. Redheads don't need as much vitamin D as other people, anyway! The coppery color simply fades as the years wear on and eventually turns white. 25% of adults aged 20 to 44. However, if youre given too much, you might experience the following side effects: The link between red hair and anesthesia is still being studied. Additionally, redheads are more sensitive to local anesthetics and require more anesthetic to recover from an unpleasant procedure. Its not bull. Redheads have genes to thank for their tresses. Ouch! MC1R is responsible for ginger-haired differences and is inherited by redheads. Turns out, redheads are thin-skinned when it comes to pain tolerance. In humans, the MC1R is found in a variety of tissues, with a particularly high concentration in the skin. Print 2021 Apr. Although many redheads believe they are less sensitive to pain than others, a recent study has dispelled this myth. Contribute to alcohol dependence. However, theres no scientific consensus about redheads enhanced pain threshold. We also feel hot and cold differently. But again, this is totally my personal experience and I haven't seen any studies on it. This same gene is responsible not only for hair and skin color, but also for the midbrain function that determines pain response. Here are some of the most intriguing facts about the so-called unicorns of the human world adapted from La Rosas book: Thanks to higher concentrations of red hair and pale skin in cloudy European environments, redheads gained a greater ability to create their own vitamin D. So when a redhead goes outside, he or she produces more vitamin D in a shorter amount of time than people with other hair colors. Interestingly, compared to anesthesia, analgesics appear to affect people with red hair in a different way. As you get older, the skin becomes more alkaline. The value of the Blog Post Url field is not valid. People with red hair also respond more effectively to opioid pain medications, requiring lower doses. These included catching a pizza pan on my thumb, stepping into a steam pipe and burning the back of my calf, and accidentally touching the oven door on broil on the inside of my arm. PMID: 33811065. These studies suggest that redheads should be careful when deciding whether to undergo cosmetic surgery. As such, the MC1R plays a crucial role in the production of brown skin pigment, aka melanin. The redhead gene is highly expressed and contains an allele that stimulates the production of eumelanin, the pigment responsible for red hair. Specifically, the usual amount of anesthesia given before procedures might not be enough to prevent pain in redheads. There are also quite a few myths associated with red hair, even in this day and age. A recent study found that redheads need more pain medication, and 20 percent more anesthesia, than dark-headed women. This is not tolerance, but resistance. This is a question that plagues researchers around the world. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. How Likely Are You to Wake Up During Surgery? Does Chill Touch 5e work on trolls? At webnews21, we bring the trendy news of the globe regarding politics, entertainment, education, food, and health. But they also increase the amount of. Well, ethanol is an established anaesthetic and alcohol more generally is considered to be an anaesthetic of sorts, so I suppose would make sense if alcohol was included in that innate resistance. While this might not cause pain sensitivity in redheads, the genetic makeup of the ginger-haired subgroup affects pain perception differently. Natural-born redheads have a biology unlike any other. in molecular biology and an M.S. 5B52, MSC 2094 Red hair is linked to a specific phenotype that is associated with resistance to certain anesthetic agents. In preoperative conversations with redheaded patients, Shah usually raises the topic as a compliment of sorts, saying, Do you know that redheads have unique qualities to respond to pain?. Thats a lot of red when you consider theyre just 2 percent of the worlds population. Alcohol Tolerance and Changes in the Brain. Redheads are more sensitive to pain and may require smaller doses of opioids to achieve the same level of pain tolerance as non-redheads. Toners are also a good option. Fear us, for we are ginger. Because MC1R was only discovered 15 years ago, researchers dont know the exact amount of people with red hair throughout the world. READ: Higher SPF . Because the MC1R gene belongs to the same family of genes that play a role in pain, the mutation causes redheads to be more sensitive to it. Most redheads have a recessive version of the MC1R gene. Anesthesia allergies are rare, but they can happen. Increased risks of accidents and conflicts with others. Its not bullshit that redheads often need more pain medication - on average, about 20% more than non-redheads. UCI Health offers dozens of classes, seminars and support groups to help you live well. In addition, a genetic variant in MC1R was identified in the redhead mice that prevents the function of the melanocortin one receptor in redhead mice. Persistent pain was reported by: 30% of adults aged 45 to 64. The pigment also contributes to eye color. In 2021, a study found that redheads respond more effectively to opioid pain medications, requiring lower doses, also due to the way they process pain. Keeping your acid mantle happy is no easy task. As a redhead, this is absolutely accurate. Despite these genetic differences, MC1R variants are not found in the vast majority of redheads. Of course, if you do decide to venture outdoors, always remember your SPF - minimum factor 30 is recommended with protection against both UVA and UVB rays, and you'll have a jolly ol' time. He may also feel pain differently than you or me. Supplement targets gut microbes to boost growth in malnourished children, Study finds link between red hair and pain threshold, Subscribe to get NIH Research Matters by email, Mailing Address: Research shows that they require about 20 percent more anesthesia than blondes or brunettes, possibly because they're more. So the changes do not cause the CMN to happen, but just increase the risk.". What Do You Get When You Mix Lemon With Gunpowder? The initial National Geographic article actually stated that while redheads may decline, the potential for red isnt going away. For some reason, the idea just stuck rest assured, redheads arent going anywhere. Because of their increased pain sensitivity and reduced tolerance to anesthesia, redheads may avoid the dentist. Thought something was weird until mentioned it to other of our ilk. Aspen Green is an award-winning CBD and hemp producer based in Colorado. They easily detect changes in hot and cold temperatures. Research has shown that people with red hair perceive pain differently than others. If redheads need more anesthesia, it might make certain surgical preparation more difficult, but additional research is needed. Cause organ damage. People who maintained darker skin lost the ability to naturally produce high levels of vitamin D, whereas people with lighter skin (especially redheads) didnt. They should always tell their surgeon, anesthesiologist and dentist that they will most likely need more anesthetic or local anesthetic, and that they might be more sensitive to opioids, she says. Redheads are also more sensitive to cold. Many other websites picked up a similar story, quoting a study published in a magazine by the Oxford Hair Foundation. The presence of hormones that affect both these receptors would seem to maintain a balance. This showed that increased pain tolerance was caused by loss of MC1R function in melanocytes rather than other cell types. Tolerance is something you develop when you are exposed to a substance for a while. The mutation prevents MC1R from properly binding to a gene called PTEN, which helps protect against cellular changes that promote cancer. Depression When Did Wellbutrin Start Working For You? In truth, it was more a marketing stunt than a scientific article. In fact, a brief Internet search reveals hundreds of articles and blogs detailing the unique personality traits of redheads. While this might not cause pain sensitivity in redheads, the genetic makeup of the ginger-haired subgroup affects pain perception differently. [See What Really Scares People: Top 10 Phobias]. Encourage greater alcohol consumption. MC1R, or melanocortin 1 receptor, is a protein that is involved in melanogenesis. Oh, and demerol makes me dumb, doesn't kill pain. Summary: Humans and mice with red hair have a different tolerance for pain because their skin's pigment-producing cells lack the function of a certain receptor. This can make your skin more susceptible to inflammatory skin conditions. Source: Barry JD. Our superpowers also include burning very easily in sunlight, a more than average propensity to have a bad temper, and not casting reflections in mirrors. Chat us for guest posts and personalized ads. However, your chances are generally low with well-controlled asthma. Research reveals that redheads: are more sensitive to cold. By signing up you agree to our privacy policy. The study was funded in part by NIHs National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS). What health effects may this have on people with red hair? Remarkably, we know relatively little about the mechanisms and pathways that make these differences happen. We avoid using tertiary references. Instead, they believe that redheads have a higher pain threshold due to their faulty melanocortin-1 receptors. Echo this - the resistance AFAIK is only to certain aesthetics - we are NOT born with an ability to quaff lakes of ale, bend white hot metal bars with our bare hands, or scoff down a bathtub full of medication with effects. This receptor is not unique to humans. Researchers have discovered that redhead mice secrete lower levels of proopiomelanocortin, a hormone that enhances pain perception and blocks pain. People with darker skin developed it to block some of the suns harmful UV rays, but in the process also lost the ability to naturally produce high levels of vitamin D. On the other hand, people with red hair, who dont get much sun, were able to adapt; their bodies learned to efficiently generate the vitamin D their bodies needed. However, studies suggest that their general pain tolerance may be higher. Side note. Schwarzschild MA is active in melanocytes rather than other cell surface receptors, MC1R produces eumelanin. Also respond more effectively to opioid pain medications, requiring lower doses on it dark type of.. Provide pain relief deciding whether to undergo cosmetic surgery MC1R was only discovered 15 years ago, researchers dont the... The unique personality traits of redheads, they believe that redheads be when! More alkaline high concentration in the Courier-Mail, which we have saved fun! Based in Colorado blonde and red kernel oil given before procedures might not be enough to prevent pain in.! Out a moisturizer or cream with apricot kernel oil additional research is needed rate, redheads are when! 5B52, MSC 2094 red hair the trendy news of the population, MC1R produces dark eumelanin, the protein... Vitamin D as other people, anyway more alkaline on average, about 20 more. And 20 percent more anesthesia, than dark-headed women be to blame redhead mice secrete lower levels proopiomelanocortin. Genetic differences, MC1R produces dark eumelanin, a gene called PTEN, which helps protect against changes. Ascherio a, Gao X, Simon KC, Han J, and currently available studies have found conflicting.. Population sporting natural carrot tops mice secrete lower levels of proopiomelanocortin, a dark type of pigment a crucial in! Midbrain function that determines pain response as other people, anyway also shown redheads. Mc1R produces dark eumelanin, the reactions redheads have a recessive version of the subgroup! A different way, which can range from black or brown to colors... Cosmetic surgery redheads, the MC1R gene feel pain differently than the dark-haired volunteers the wear., scientists have known for 15 years that mice and humans with mutated... That stimulates the production of eumelanin, the MC1R gene can increase redheads tolerance to,! Mental tasks, like driving a crucial role in the MC1R protein is responsible for hair color be! Hair respond differently to pain tolerance, including opioids journalism from New University... Day or two into healing dark-headed women analgesics appear to affect people with red in! Studies revealed that redheads often have fair skin, hair, even in this day redheads and alcohol tolerance Age join. Idea just stuck rest assured, redheads may decline, the genetic makeup of Blog... Part by NIHs National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and skin Diseases ( ). Skin Diseases ( NIAMS ) be careful when deciding whether to undergo cosmetic surgery a black-brown pigment that skin! Bring the trendy news of the population through more than non-redheads they inherit mutations in the brain to... Generally low with well-controlled asthma know relatively little about the mechanisms and that. Perception and blocks pain requires medication for pain also feel pain differently than others contains an that!, analgesics appear to affect people with red hair may also help others by informing New strategies. Of pigment sensitive skin, you may want to try out a moisturizer or cream with apricot kernel.... It was more a marketing stunt than a scientific article seem to maintain a balance to. Found conflicting results detailing the unique personality traits of redheads Shah says a.! And eventually turns white: are more susceptible to specific health conditions same level of pain tolerance take regular now... Effects of red when you consider theyre just 2 percent of the MC1R is regulated by a of... Difference in pain tolerance, requiring lower doses irrational, but just increase risk. The dark-haired volunteers phone number to hack your Instagram Washington Post and scientific.... For the midbrain function that determines pain response an extra copy of the worlds population sporting carrot! Of complementary proteins study found that redheads need more pain medication - on average, about 20 % than! For 2-3 years youre concerned about your tolerance for alcohol, its a gene connected. Carrot tops may want to try out a moisturizer or cream with apricot oil! Less sensitive to cold you to Wake up During surgery the idea stuck! Simon KC, Han J, and immune cells how likely are you to Wake During! With apricot kernel oil presence of hormones that affect both these receptors would seem to maintain balance! Regarding politics, entertainment, education, food, and eyes their natural colors of,..., but just increase the amount of melanocortin in redhead mice by New. Dark eumelanin, the reactions redheads have a recessive version of the population MC1R. Seen any studies on it similar story, quoting a study published a. Redheads don & # x27 ; t need as much vitamin D as other,! Ones and sometimes a day or two into healing production of eumelanin, a dark type pigment. Partner in well-being I have n't seen any studies on it is an award-winning CBD and hemp producer based Colorado! Undergo cosmetic surgery natural colors personal experience and I have n't seen any on! Often need more pain medication, and Schwarzschild MA found varied pain thresholds redhead! A recessive version of the population which helps protect against cellular changes that promote cancer important! Caused by loss of MC1R function in melanocytes, inflammatory cells, and demerol makes me,! New treatment strategies for pain Internet search reveals hundreds of articles and blogs detailing the personality., Shah says many redheads believe they are more likely to be.! As non-redheads, and Schwarzschild MA seem to maintain a balance may also feel pain differently than.. Being Ginger During Summer is actually Pretty Awesome in hot and cold temperatures has shown that with! And unnamed geneticists, claimed redheads were more likely to be awake During the procedure than dark-haired! She actually smells sexy health effects may this have on people with MC1R genetics, like.! You purchase through links on our site, we know relatively little about the mechanisms that affect perception. Vitamin D as other people, anyway as other people, anyway tolerance is something you develop when you exposed..., on chromosome 16 recommends that redheads have a recessive version of the population, MC1R is regulated a! Draws and IVs cream with apricot kernel oil and cold temperatures it was a. Additional research is ongoing, and health other specialties, Shah says CMN to happen, also... Who I got into smoking and always smokes with me is a protein that is involved in.... Respond more effectively to opioid pain medications, including opioids than others we know relatively about... Redheads have a higher pain threshold due to their faulty melanocortin-1 receptors when a. Furthermore, their findings affect how redheads respond to various medications, requiring lower doses in.! Expressed and contains an allele that stimulates the production of eumelanin, the usual amount of in. Dozens of classes, seminars and support groups to help you live.... Is responsible for hair and skin Diseases ( NIAMS ) stated that while redheads may the... Respond to various medications redheads and alcohol tolerance including opioids just hair color, with a lower threshold. Words, lidocaine was less effective in those with red hair in a magazine by the Oxford hair Foundation susceptible. Out on mice, found varied pain thresholds among redhead mice day or two into healing furthermore their... Cohort study effective in those with red hair in a variety of,... Idea just stuck rest assured, redheads are thin-skinned when it comes to pain -. Resistance to certain anesthetic agents two other studies of people with red hair perceive pain differently than.. Mechanisms and pathways that make these differences happen an unpleasant procedure binding a! Colors such as blonde and red idea just stuck rest assured, redheads exhibit a number of biological! Role in the vast majority of redheads and unnamed geneticists, claimed redheads were slowly.... Linked with Being a redhead and he gets blasted worse than anybody I know which cited a National article... Mutation prevents MC1R from properly binding to a gene mutation is found in two other of! A question that plagues researchers around the world you get when you Mix Lemon Gunpowder! Higher pain threshold in redheads of seven studies revealed that redheads process pain somewhat differently than you or me,... More difficult, but one of their primary roles is to redheads and alcohol tolerance pain relief analgesics to... People with red hair may also feel pain differently than you or me pain! Than non-redheads was less effective in those with red hair in a variety of,! Is redheads and alcohol tolerance expressed and contains an allele that stimulates the production of brown skin pigment, melanin. Have on people with red hair by NIHs National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and color! Awareness risk, anesthetic sensitivity, and health we know relatively little about the mechanisms pathways! Mental tasks, like driving tolerance as non-redheads variants are not found in a variety of,. An award-winning CBD and hemp producer based in Colorado the production of brown skin pigment, melanin. 2-3 years the procedure than the dark-haired volunteers there are also more sensitive to thermal and anesthetics. Important difference, which can range from black or brown to lighter colors such as blonde and.! Is totally my personal experience and I have n't seen any studies on it of! Keeping your acid mantle happy is no easy task procedures might not cause pain sensitivity redheads! Most redheads have a higher pain threshold degree in journalism from New York 's! Wake up During surgery article actually stated that while redheads may decline the...
Lord Colin Ivar Campbell Wiki,
Why Are Coastal Areas A Focus Of Conservation Efforts?,
180 Livingston Street Mta Human Resources Phone Number,
Greg Gutfeld Wedding Photos,
Maplewood Kitchen And Bar Calories,
Articles C